The Classic of Poetry Flashcard

The Classic of Poetry

3 Examples of Erroneous Case Style

3 Examples of Erroneous Case Style 3 Examples of Erroneous Case Style 3 Examples of Erroneous Case Style By Mark Nichol In each of the following examples, a phrase employs incorrect treatment as to whether one or more words begin with uppercase or lowercase letters. An explanation, followed by a revision, points out each error. 1. Three of the children developed Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition with anemia and kidney complications. Names of medical conditions are not capitalized: â€Å"Three of the children developed hemolytic uremic syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition with anemia and kidney complications.† (Exceptions include surnames, as in â€Å"Crohn’s disease,† or geographical terms, as in â€Å"Asian flu.†) 2. Smith didn’t endear himself to the Beehive state when he refused to participate in a debate scheduled for Monday. All key words in epithets such as state nicknames are capitalized: â€Å"Smith didn’t endear himself to the Beehive State when he refused to participate in a debate scheduled for Monday.† (The article the should be lowercased in such appellations; otherwise, the only state nickname that includes a lowercase word is that of New Mexico: â€Å"the Land of Enchantment.†) 3. Harvard University Accounting Professor John Smith was struck by the growing number of studies showing that most such transactions fail to deliver their intended value over the long term. Usually, when professor (or â€Å"associate professor† or â€Å"assistant professor†) immediately precedes a person’s name, it is treated as a specific job title and is capitalized; an exception, however, occurs when the title is preceded by modifying terms. Here, though â€Å"Harvard University† retains capitalization because of its status as an entity, accounting is also lowercased because the reference is to an academic discipline, not an academic department: â€Å"Harvard University accounting professor John Smith was struck by the growing number of studies showing that most such transactions fail to deliver their intended value over the long term.† (Many writers would also choose to unstack the unwieldy identifying phrase: â€Å"John Smith, a professor of accounting at Harvard University, was struck by the growing number of studies showing that most such transactions fail to deliver their intended value over the long term.†) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a US Business LetterHow to Punctuate with â€Å"However†Artist vs. Artisan

Fashion Merchandising Essay Example

Fashion Merchandising Essay Example Fashion Merchandising Essay Fashion Merchandising Essay Fashion merchandising is where fashion and business meet. Fashion merchandising involves marketing fashions to various retail stores, boutiques and wholesalers. The mission of a fashion merchandiser includes connecting different fashions to consumers and anticipating what your clients will be interested in. Fashion merchandising doesnt center on fashion alone; it entails a keen business sense and knowledge of assorted marketing strategies and techniques. Fashion merchandisers are customer-oriented and inspire their customers through the presentation of clothes. Fashion management involves the promotion of fashion and evoking interest in new styles and products. Fashion merchandisers study trends, research the marketplace for merchandise sources, make buys, adjust price-points and display stock within their shopping venues. They must be aware of past seasons sales performances, predicted trends, consumer demand and visual marketing techniques. Their success is measured seasonally by a ratio of hot-selling items to clearance goods, the length of time that merchandise takes to clear and eventual final markdown prices. Career paths within merchandising are many and diverse. erything that the fashion industry has to offer. Take a look at the job description of a fashion merchandiser, and the employment outlook for this field. Ads by Google Fashion Design Course    Top Fashion Design College in India Full Time International Faculty. www. rmihyd. com/Call:04023567888 Fashion merchandising is an interesting career option for those of you who are interested not only in fashion design, but also the business activities involved in this field. You should know that simply a passion for fashion is not enough to pursue this as a career. : You have to be passionate about what you do, and there is a lot of action involved in the business front. Simply put, the fashion industry is not as glamorous as it appears, and in careers such as fashion merchandising, the glamor is extremely low, and the hard work involved, equally high. What does this job entail? Lets take a look. Job Description The prime job of a fashion merchandiser is to bring together all areas of the fashion biz and manage it. The main roles involved are those of designing, development of new and unique products, production, and creating and developing sales and marketing plans. While these are the broad roles, some fashion merchandisers have specific roles pertaining to one particular area. In detail, the following are the key roles played by fashion merchandisers. Attending various fashion shows to pick up the latest in style and utilizing this knowledge in the development of new products. Analyzing and predicting trends and fashion clothing styles, and collaborating with fashion designers to create and introduce new and unique products in the fashion industry. Working with suppliers to strike cost-effective deals for production. Developing marketing strategies that will enhance overall sales. Working in close contact with other professionals in the fashion industry. Managing the retail store by designing the store layout and engaging in visual merchandising (enhancing sales through store displays). Working in close contact with the media, by utilizing photography, magazine publications, and other such techniques to promote new products and the store. Analyzing fashion trends to develop products to cater to a target or niche market. As you can see, designing is only one aspect of fashion merchandising, and there is a lot more involved in this career field. All these skills will be taught to you during your course. However, these skills really be developed and honed only when on the job. A school cannot prepare you for real life situations and issues that you may have to face on the job. However, it will give you a strong knowledge base to be able to analyze and effectively deal with the situation. Read more at Buzzle:   buzzle. com/articles/fashion-merchandising. html

A Custom Definition Essay Example About Respect Writing Assistance

A Custom Definition Essay Example About Respect Writing Assistance WHAT WE HAVENT HEARD ABOUT RESPECT BEFORE One of the most important ways of establishing and maintaining lasting relationships both at home and at work is having respect for oneself and others. The term respect refers the recognition of the values of people and things and treating them with care and concern. It means having a deep admiration for someone or something. This admiration stems from the accomplishments, abilities and the qualities of a person. Additionally, respect encapsulates the way one thinks about someone or something. For instance, an employer can be said to have respect for his employees if he admires their abilities and accomplishments in the workplace and treats them well. Respect determines the way in which a person lives as well as the interaction with other members of the society. Respect for oneself, for instance, restrains a person from engaging in risk-taking behaviors that can cause the destruction of both the body and mind. Moreover, having respect for each other at home, in the workplace and in the society at large help in reducing conflicts, disagreements and misunderstandings thus contributing to peaceful coexistence and a harmonious society. One can also demonstrate respect for things because of the inherent values they have. The fundamentals of respect, consequently, remain constant whether a person or an item is in question. Respect plays a central role in building and maintaining healthy and lasting relationships. First, respect helps in establishing open communication between the parties in relationships. In families, for instance, having respect helps the members to be trustworthy, honest and straight forward. This way they are capable of abiding by the family rules and living peacefully. Additionally, open communication emanating from respect is useful in the workplaces. Respect enables the employers and employees alike, to communicate with each other in a professional and honest manner. This way, people feel free to convey their opinions and ideas in without being interrupted. Secondly, respect is significant in building trust in relationships. The flourishing of relationships, whether family, business, intimate or working relationships depends on trust. Respect for oneself and others can help in building trust. Â  An employee who fulfills the responsibilities and delivers in time because of the respect for his job and employers, for example, is capable of gaining the trust of the employees. Consequently, the employee has higher chances of being promoted. Additionally, having respect in relationships results in trust between couples making them have better and healthier relationships. Moreover, respect is important in relationships since it is the key to happiness. Having respect for others enables a person to become more tolerant and embrace people’s differences. Additionally, respecting the views and beliefs of others limits conflicts and confrontations among the people. The result is the peaceful coexistence between people that gives them inner peace, contentment, and happiness. Furthermore, having respect for other people boosts their esteem since they feel appreciated. One of the ways of becoming more respectful to others is honesty. Honesty comprises vital traits like truthfulness, straightforwardness, and integrity. It is important to realize that people would like to be dealt with honestly. Therefore, showing respect for others entails being honest in words and actions. Additionally, one should be responsible for their words and make people know that they are reliable. An additional approach of displaying respect to others is by exhibiting kindness. When dealing with family, friends or colleagues, showing kindness makes them feel appreciated and loved. One of the ways of showing kindness to others is watching one’s tone when addressing others. It is important to note that no one wants to be ordered around and using the golden words such as please and thank you can aid in showing respect. Obedience is another way through which one can show respect to others. If asked by an elderly person or a person in authority to do something which is not harmful or immoral, one should obey and follow the instructions. Other ways of being more respectful are; taking care of one’s mess, exercising fairness, courtesy, avoiding putting blames on others and listening to others without interrupting. Personally, I think respect means accepting people for who they are and learning to live with them harmoniously despite our differences. It involves embracing other people’s strengths and weaknesses without prejudice. By learning to accept other people, we reduce our engagements in conflicts and other disrespectful behaviors such as name calling and hauling insults at each other. The end result is a cohesive and harmonious society.

Is the profession an outdated notion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Is the profession an outdated notion - Essay Example actice, such as information systems and controlled professions such as medicine and law where loss of member ship leads to loss of the right to practice. Professional ethics connotes the conduct, behaviour and practice of professionals. There are numerous advantages of being part of a profession; some of these are as described in the sequel. First, the professional body issues certificates that the professional has met rigorous standards recognized by the professional body. Secondly, the employers respect these certifications. Thirdly, the professional body would often reviews and verifies these credentials. Fourthly, the liability claims if any will be limited. Fifthly, such certification is a fundamental standard. Finally, the professional is made accountable for his professional actions. Profession covers a wide range of activities such as sports, journalism, choreography, law, medicine, information technology, police, army, etc. Hence, professional ethics vary from profession to profession. Another factor which is to be kept in mind is that such professional ethics may not be applicable or available in all the professions. Another important factor to be considered is whether these professional standards are compulsory or obligatory and whether such a code of ethics is practicable. A major constraint in this regard, is the difficulty of implementing such a code in the multitude of professions which have proliferated in today’s society (Davison and Kock, 23 September, 2004). If one considers the police profession, in this perspective, then one observes that one of the biggest disadvantages, inherent in this profession is the gaining of the impression that one is exclusive and that other members of society are not good enough. This tends to make policemen, all over the world, forget that most citizens are good people. The habit of viewing everyone as a law offender develops due to dealing mostly with criminals and other law –breakers, during the course of

Film Theory Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Film Theory - Research Proposal Example Bazin regards cinema as an idealistic phenomenon with technical features resting only in the background. As a humanist, he thrives on the view that the idea is precedent to the invention and is therefore superior to the technical means used in achieving it. In his book The Evolution of the language of Cinema,2 he asserts that the necessity for an idea towards technical means is one that requires new form or style. Bazin states that the cinema is much elevated as compared to photography because of its ability to record the event in time and posits that filmmakers must refrain from false subjective manipulation owing to the complexity of reality which the cinema characteristically pursues. There has been confusion in the domain of film theory concerning Bazin's writings, which can be traced down to the image being filmed and its life counterpart, in which he says that the photographic image is one that may be described as a kind of transfer. It is the object itself which is freed from the conditions of time and space governing it. There is a commonality in the photograph and the object itself whose sameness is pursued by a fashion of the fingerprint.3 (Referring to Andre Bazin's essay, "The Evolution of Film Language", analyze the ways in which William Wyler explores the moral and emotional conflicts experienced by... The film is considered a masterpiece of cinematic craftsmanship in which first-rate support actors gave life to their roles.4 Wyler's film shows details that depict Bazin's ideas in The Evolution of Film Language. Cinema as an idealistic phenomenon5 which Bazin explores in his essay is embodied in The Little Foxes with the film's portrayal of greed and avarice having the real message it wants to convey - that of the consequences of evil acts which men must avoid. As Bazin generally describes a film as a medium of duplicating reality, Wyler was able to successfully convey this duplication in real-life experiences of wealth and greed in the Hubbard and Giddens family, in which surefire downfall awaits people of extreme greed. Wyler explores the moral conflicts experienced by his heroine Regina Giddens with the use of depth-of-field photography through the captured emotions needed to surface from a villainous character. How other characters were portrayed, such as that of being kind (Ho race and Alexandra Giddens) reinforced the evilness of the heroine through implied comparison. The moral conflicts are tackled in the story with wealth and money as the groundwork of the exhibited behavior of the characters, whether acting upon it or away from its influences and corruption. Regina Giddens is in a situation which might be considered a maze in which she was to succumb to social norms of this time where a woman does not bring money with her when she gets married regardless of the family's wealth. Hence, she must rely financially on her husband. The social norms had placed her in a stringent situation totally not giving her a space to express her fondness for money. An attempt to put her daughter Alexandra in marriage to Leo, Alexandra's

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 50

Philosophy - Essay Example Admetus accepted the offer of immortality thinking that by the time he is to leave the mortal world for the underworld, one of his old parents would happily sacrifice their life for their son. It was not a fool’s decision, it is only rational to think that way. The mistake he made was not getting anything in a contract with his parents. If it was his time to die, he must have had some form of legal paper showing that he has a substitute to offer in his place. He could have also made a deal with any person, who would be happy to die at a certainty time in future for a pot of gold. Despite the fact Ametus might seem like a fool to many, I would call him an impulsive being, not a fool. Plus he always has a way to get out of situations. No one is perfect in the world, Admetus’s foolishness (or impulsiveness) would have landed him in trouble many times, but he always had someone there to protect him – fools don’t have such powerful friends! Apollo is like a friend to Admetus, he does treat his friends well and in the end Apollo gets him out of trouble whenever he’s in one. When it was the time to win the heart of the beautiful Alcestis, Pelias’s daughter, the king of Lolcus, Apollo helped him yoke the lion and the bear to a chariot and then Admetus drove the chariot to show it to Pelias – fools can’t be that lucky. Admetus was impulsive and stubborn and that is why he refused to make a sacrifice to Artemis. This upset the goddess and she put snakes in the bridal chamber as a punishment. To Admetus’s aid, Apollo came forward again, he talked sense into him and told him that it’s better to make the sacrifice to the goddess. Admetus took heed to Apollo’s advice and made the sacrifice – fools don’t listen to reason, Admetus is no fool. Toward the end when it’s the time of death Fates have agreed to spare Admetus if he offers someone else. When Admetus asks his parents they refuse and

Implementation of Infrastructure Research Paper

Implementation of Infrastructure - Research Paper Example A structured communication network is always required for a company to maintain a smooth and viable information and communication system in the company. If it is not sustained, it will surely create problems in the overall operation of the company. An inefficient communication network will increase the employee working problems. Due to impending difficulties, the workers would delay in accomplishing their work and get frustrated in their professional life. Significance of the ProblemThe information technology (IT) sector is grossly responsible for the growth of the global economy since 1980. Efficient IT in U.S. is responsible for its competitive advantage over many economies in the world. This division has not only helped in the development of the military segment of U.S. but has also helped for the industrial progress of the country. Since 1990, the Internet has become a popular topic of public discussion forums. Business firms and individuals have started using computers for both information manipulation and communication. This has augmented importance of IT in the economy. The information learned from this research will help any IT company to set up an appropriate communication system that would, in turn, serve its smooth operation (Samuelson & Varian, 2001). In order to show the empirical relevance of the research, the researcher has introduced a primary survey, which encompasses a questionnaire session to a random sample of 37 IT professionals within the age group of 18 to 45 years.... but has also helped for the industrial progress of the country. Since 1990, the Internet has become a popular topic of public discussion forums. Business firms and individuals have started using computers for both information manipulation and communication. This has augmented importance of IT in the economy. The information learned from this research will help any IT company to set up an appropriate communication system that would, in turn, serve its smooth operation (Samuelson & Varian, 2001). Statement of the Research Question The research question for the project is: Q1. Will an efficient and optimal communication network help a company reduce its gross cost and save more money? Q2. Does improper networking result in extensive time and revenue expenditure for a company? Data Sources In order to show the empirical relevance of the research, the researcher has introduced a primary survey, which encompasses a questionnaire session to a random sample of 37 IT professionals within the age group of 18 to 45 years. Instrument Reliability The sample chosen for the questionnaire session is not stochastic in nature. The result and conclusions will be same, no matter what random sample of individuals is drawn from the IT market. Instrument Validity The researcher will not alter the validity for the sample survey. The sample will be 100% valid as per the mentioned features. Survey Questions The researcher may add this additional question: Q1: What is the speed of your processor? Option 1= less that 3 GHz; Option 2.66 = greater than or equal to 3 GHz. Distributional Method The survey questions will be distributed to the IT professionals through SurveyMonkey or any other popular websites. Treatment of the Data The researcher has used an analysis of variance (ANOVA) test to

Quality Management and Continuous Improvement Uni 3 DB SA Second Week Essay

Quality Management and Continuous Improvement Uni 3 DB SA Second Week - Essay Example The information makes response from the instructor to students faster. The students, on the other hand, are able to submit assignments and papers in time. The development of the websites also allows students to access campus-based resources such as library materials, and offer online technical support. The online study experience should be designed and planned to allow relative flexibility for the students. It does not necessarily mean that classes should be set in weekly intervals. There are students who would like a daily routine too. The course outline should be put online so that all students know the relevant topics. The plan should also give material to keep students involved in the coursework. This is a proven method of improving satisfaction and in the long-run, longer student retention (Johnston, Kilion and Oomen 2005). The schedule should give time adequate for students to cover the syllabus. Since the online students are mostly busy with other activities, the time for coverage should be maximized (Aggarwal, 2003). This ensures that the quality of education offered to the student is not watered down. The availability of instructors should also be such that response to any queries as soon as possible (within 24 hours). The time zones should also be considered in planning since online studies are not limited by geographical

Memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Memo - Essay Example The challenge has been brought forth due to the over consumption of oil by the nation and the recent developments in global warming and its connection to some energy sources. The Government and supporting organization have continued to develop energy sources, which are cleaner, and efficient. This has mostly been experienced in the domestic energy sector. More households have taken up renewable energy sources in the form of wind, geothermal, hydro, marine and solar energy to provide for their needs. Renewable energy comprises of just over 6 percent of the total energy used in the United States, but this figure is set to grow given the technology advancement within the energy field (Worldwatch Institute, 2006, p.6). On the other hand, fossil fuels which are non renewable (Miller & Spoolman, 2012, p.370) still account for the majority share of the national energy consumption with a figure of 85% (Worldwatch Institute, 2006, p.6) Energy and Pollution A study in 2002 by the Journal of th e American Medical Association states â€Å"exposure to air pollution poses the same risks of dying from lung cancer and heart disease as does living with a smoker.† (Worldwatch Institute, 2006, p.18). ... Lead, mercury and arsenic are some of the toxic metals that are released during combustion at source and during consumption. Coal is said to emit approximately 48 tons of mercury in the air annually combined with oil they produce 42 percent of such emissions (Worldwatch Institute, 2006, p.18). Studies have shown that these emissions are directly affecting American women of childbearing age because their blood mercury concentration is high enough to kill a growing fetus (Worldwatch Institute, 2006, p.18). Water pollution is a resultant effect during energy production from fossil fuels. Water is needed for cooling in power plants and the discharge contains heat and chemicals which pollute land and water where it is released (Miller & Spoolman, 2012, p.383). Energy Sources There are numerous sources of energy that can be used in combinations to provide for all kinds of energy needs such as heating, transportation and electricity. These sources can be divided into two for renewable and n on renewable sources such as fossil fuels. America needs to improve on its renewable energy sources to cut on costs of purchasing fossil fuels from other countries, instead focus on becoming self sustaining by use of renewable sources (CSIS, 2011, p.5). The growing tensions, change in political ideologies and security concerns with oil producing countries have over the years increased risk of over reliance on oil imports (CSIS, 2011, p.14). This has seen the threat of war and fuel import restrictions between the countries grow. This has led America to seek other sustainable alternatives within its borders. Nuclear, it is used mostly in the production of electricity by boiling water to

The Success Of Inmate Reentry Programs

The Success Of Inmate Reentry Programs What can correctional facilities offer to inmates to help those that are about to be released from prison keep from being rearrested. Most inmates who are released have no job, money, or a place to live. The same pressures and temptations that landed ex-offenders in prison are present in the environment that they often go back to. The key elements of successful re-entry into society after prison are finding and keeping a lucrative job, finding a descent place to live, and finding a mentor to help guide them in the right direction. Most of the communities that former inmates are released into are most often impoverished neighborhoods that do not contain the support that is key to the success of reentry into society from correctional facilities. Re-entry programs offered by correctional facilities can help smooth the transition, but they are not always successful. This paper discusses the successes and often the failures of the inmate re-entry programs. The Success of Inmate Re-Entry Programs Work release and educational programs were created throughout the federal prison systems as an effort to provide ex-offenders with an opportunity for preparation for release back into the community and to be productive contributors to society. Are these programs successful at their attempts, or is it a waste of government and taxpayers money? In order to determine whether work programs are successful, considerations of an evaluation deploying proper statistical methods require a good number of people in the study. A possible way to gauge former inmates may be to question and get information and ask questions during visits to parole officers. In reality, however, attempts to gather self-reported crime in this fashion has the possibility of yielding poor results. Former inmates reluctantly make confessions of crimes. Moreover, working through a parole office increases the difficulty of guaranteeing the anonymity of research subjects. More than 700,000 people are released from state and Federal prison annually while another 9 million cycle through local jails over and over. Statistics provided by the Office of National Drug Control Policy indicate that more than two-thirds of state prisoners are rearrested within three years of their release and half are re-incarcerated(Caporizzo, 2011). More crime, more victims, and more pressure on an already overburdened criminal justice system are named as the causes for recidivism. Recidivism can be defined in different ways and in different contexts. A generally used meaning might be a rectum to crime. It is almost impossible to truly gauge the rate of rectum to crime for any group of former prisoners because of the difficulty to locate individuals. The Administrations National Drug Control Strategy supports comprehensive change within the criminal justice system stating that, promoting a combined public health/public safety approach to stop the all-too-common cycle of arrest, incarceration, release, and re-arrest of prior offenders (Dryden, 1975). The cost for incarceration stretches far beyond the prison walls, meals provided to inmates daily, and the guards who potentially put themselves in harms way each day. The United States incarcerates more people than any other country in the world. It costs over $26,000 to incarcerate one federal prisoner for one year more than the average cost of one year of college education. American taxpayers spend over $60 billion each year on prisons. Half of all federal prisoners and one in five state prisoners are there for drug related offenses which are usually a nonviolent. Men who have served time in prison earn 40 percent less each year than men who have not been in prison. One in every 28 children under age 18 has a parent in prison. Long mandatory sentences have led to overcrowded, unsafe prisons that are less cost-effective than alternatives like treatment and drug courts (Caporizzo, 2011). Reentry programs are designed to assist incarcerated individuals with a successful transition to their community after they are released. President Obamas has a strategy called the National Drug Control Strategy that calls for supporting post-incarceration reentry efforts by assisting former inmates in job placement, facilitating access to drug-free housing, and providing other supportive services. Obamas National Drug Control Strategy is participating in the Federal Interagency Reentry Council, first convened in January 2011 by Attorney General Eric Holder who states, The Councils main purpose is to make communities safer, assisting those returning from prison and jail in becoming productive, tax-paying citizens and saving taxpayer dollars by lowering the direct and collateral costs of incarceration (Caporizzo, 2011). The access to college courses, another program that is offered to inmates, has been available to increasingly large numbers of prisoners since the early seventies. Public funds support such educational programs. As part of governmental criminal justice policy, one explicit aim of this prison higher education has been to reduce the likelihood of criminal behavior among those released from prison. Have prison college programs reduced recidivism? When examination of follow-up data from matched comparison groups that have not received programs was compared to groups that have received the programs, little difference from the treatment was often seen. It was concluded that correctional rehabilitation programs were by and large ineffective in reducing recidivism. There are two theories that attempt at explaining why former inmates return to prison. The first of this theory is the opportunity theory. It claims that crime derives from a persons lack of opportunity for legitimate economic advancement. The expectation that prisoners who earn college credits will get better jobs after release than they would otherwise, according to this theory, justifies prison college classes. Some criminologists, observing the slight impact social programs have had on recidivism rates, lack confidence in opportunity theory to do much about the crime problem. Moral development is the second theory that has been used to justify prison college programs. According to this view, a prisoner becomes more generally honest by studying and discussing the moral dilemmas encountered in liberal arts courses. Quite apart from the intervening cause of getting a good job, thus, the theory of moral development sees higher education operating directly on personality to produce law-abiding behavior (Lockwood, p. 140). It was found that participation in work-release or college programs had no effect on the length of time until return to criminal activity, the percentage of men who return to criminal activity, or the frequency of participation in criminal activity after release from prison. However, there was a highly significant effect on the seriousness of criminal activity. Both the average length of sentence received and the length of the most serious sentence are significantly lower for men who participated in a work-release program. Men who were not on work release were found to have a much greater probability of returning to prison for a felony than those men who participated in a work-release program. The effectiveness of work release on providing work experience and a stable job record is supported by the greater work stability, lower unemployment rate, and higher wages of men who have been on a work-release program when compared with men who have not been on the program. Greater work stability is associated with a decline in the seriousness of criminal activity. 16 percent of the men who had been on work release claimed it helped them after prison by providing a job reference, and 25 percent said the work experience they gained helped them significantly after release. It was also found that there was little objective support for attributing the effectiveness of work release to increased family stability. Being married and having dependents also has no significant association with the seriousness of criminal activity. Subjectively, men who had been on work release found the ability it gave them to support their dependents while in prison to be one of the most important benefits o f the program. There was little objective support for believing that work release provided new job skills. Most work-release jobs have a low skill level. The skill level of the first job after release for former work release inmates were significantly higher than the skill level of the first job obtained by men who had not been on a work-release program. The fact that 39 percent of the men had been on a work-release program remained on their work-releasejobs at least for a short period after release from prison supports the effectiveness of work-release in providing a job after prison. However, staying on ones work-release job does not appear to be significantly related to the seriousness of criminal activity. The effect of work release in providing a man with money on release is rather interesting. Subjectively, men who had been on work release found the money it provided them on release to be the single most important benefit of the work-release program. The project had no objective measure of the effect of contacts with the free community on postrelease performance. However, 30 percent of the men who had been on work release said that their experience eased their adjustment. According to the findings by Lynn Goodstein (1980), work-release is a successful program: men who have been on the work-release program commit less serious criminal offenses after release from prison. Although the determinate sentence is generally discussed as a unified concept, it appears to be comprised of two independent factors which can be considered separately-equity in sentencing and predictability of release. Evidence from psychological research on stress and intrinsic motivation is presented to substantiate claims by critics of the indeterminate sentence that it results in heightened inmate-anxiety and poor program-performance. Ensuring predictability of release is an important objective which is likely to result in benefits for both inmates and the correctional system as a whole (Goodstein, p. 365). A Panel on Research on Rehabilitative Techniques of the National Research Council drew a random sample of the cases that Lipton, Martinson, and Wilks examined. They carried out an independent analysis of these data (Sechrest, White, and Brown, 1979). Even though the Panel found the research methods used in these evaluations so inadequate that only a few studies allowed for sure conclusions, they did make this statement in 1979: We do not now know of any program or method of rehabilitation that could be guaranteed to reduce the criminal activity of released offendersbut the quality of the work that has been done and the narrow range of options explored militates against any policy reflecting a final pessimism. (Sechrest, White, and Brown, 1979, p.34). This still holds true today. Since 1979, when the National Research Council Panel carried out its work, prison higher education programs have proliferated. But given the conclusion of the panel, and the results of the Martinson Report, why should one think that prison higher education will reduce recidivism any more than other programs that have failed? In considering this question one can look to at least two theories of crime. These propositions, if true, could justify the cost to the public of providing college education to imprisoned offenders as a rational crime prevention measure.

Effect of Alcohol Dependency on Spouse

Effect of Alcohol Dependency on Spouse Psychiatric illnesses are increasingly known to be common in the recent decades and affects over 25% of people at some point in a adults at any point in time, and at least one affected individual living in one every four families—(1). Alcohol dependence syndrome is the maladaptive patters of alcohol intake with tolerance craving, loss of control, and withdrawal symptoms (3). Bipolar affective disorder is episodic in nature with manic or hypomanic or depressive or mixed symptoms occur. Patients exhibit fluctuating severity of any of these symptoms interspersed with a symptom free (euthymics 2) or subsyndromal periods. Cwvently the prevalence of bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) is around 0.4-0.5% with an 1 year prevalence of 0.5to 1.4% and a life-time prevalence of about 2.6 to 7.8% (4). The life-time prevalence of bipolar disorder is about 20.8 per 1000 population in India (6  ±); and that of alcohol use ranges from 1.15% to upto 50% in general (8, 9). Burden Definition (10) – Platt Stigmatization, chronic emotional and economic burden from caring are endured by the families of individuals with psychiatric illness. The illness impact on the primary caregiver’s leisure time activities work and social relationships. These deficits evoke different reactions infifferent or expressed emotional reaction towards the patients, and a sense of insufficiency and helplessness in themselves, all of which impact on the progression and prognosis of the patient’s illness (1). AIM To compare the family burden, the quality of life and psychiatric morbidity between female spouses of patients with alcohol dependence syndrome, patients with schizophrenia, and patients with bipolar affective disorder OBJECTIVES To find the family burden and quality of life in female spouses of patients with alcohol dependence, schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder To evaluate the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in female spouses of patients of these three groups To study the association between symptom severity in patients, perceived apathy, significant life events and family burden, and the quality of life and psychiatric morbidity in female spouses in these groups To compare psychiatric morbidity, family burden of care and quality of life in female spouses between all patient groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample is drawn from male patients with female spouses attending the outpatient Psychiatry department at this hospital. Design: Crosssectional, comparative study, including 64 patients with alcohol dependence, 64 patients with schizophrenia, and 64 patients with bipolar affective disorder, and their female spouses. With consecutive sampling from Outpatient department, a total of 192 patients with their spouses are taken up for the study. Duration and period of Study- 4 months Inclusion criteria: male patients with equal to or more than 10 year duration of alcohol dependence or schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorder, satisfying the criteria for the corresponding DSM IV-TR diagnoses patients with onset of psychiatric symptoms/disorder after marriage female spouses who provide care for the patients participa nts should be not less than 60 years of age participants to be willing to provide informed consent for the interview and assessment patients willing to allow spouse to be assessed Exclusion criteria: those who did not give their consent refusal to allow spouse to be evaluated patients and/or their spouses with any chronic general medical illness spouses with a history of substance abuse, suicide or previous history of psychiatric symptoms and intervention spouses with a family history of psychiatric illness spouses related to the patients by consanguinity Instruments used A semistructured profoma to collect the sociodemographic details, family history details and a semistructured clinical profile International Classification of Diseases ICD-10 Shortform Alcohol Dependence Data Questionnaire SADDQ Clinical Global Impressions CGI-BP bipolar and CGI-SCH schizophrenia, severity scales Presumptive stressful life events scale PSLES Apathy inventory –caregiver version Burden Assessment Scale BAS; Caregiver Reaction Assessment -Selfesteem, High life-esteem -positive caregiving, Burnout -Negative Caregiving subscales –CRASH-BOUNCE score WHO Quality Of Life WHOQOL –BREF-1 General Health Questionnaire GHQ-12 MINI plus 5.0.0 v Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview –plus Beck Depression Inventory BDI; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale –anxiety HADS-A CGI-BP Bipolar disorder is a cyclic and polymorphic disease. Patients may show manic, hipomanic, depressive or mixed symptoms, and they may be in partial or complete remission. For this reason, the assessment of the course, severity and outcome of the disorder is very complex. Most of the available psychometric instruments have been designed for the assessment of acute episodes of specific polarity. The CGI-BP-M, a user-friendly scale for the assessment of manic, hypomanic, depressive or mixed symptoms, and long-term outcome of bipolar disorder, is a useful tool for the assessment of the efficacy of several treatments. CGI-S: Amongst the most widely used of extant brief assessment  tools in psychiatry, the CGI is a 3-item observer-rated  scale that measures illness severity (CGIS), global  improvement or change (CGIC) and therapeutic response.   The illness severity and improvement sections of the  instrument are used more frequently than the therapeutic  response section in both clinical and research settings. Amongst the most widely used of extant brief assessment  tools in psychiatry, the CGI is a 3-item observer-rated scale that measures illness severity (CGIS), global  improvement or change (CGIC) and therapeutic response. The illness severity and improvement sections of the  instrument are used more frequently than the therapeutic  response section in both clinical and research settings. Burden Assessment Schedule (BAS) (104): [ANNEXURE IV] It is an instrument to assess burden on caregivers of chronic mentally ill. It was developed to assess subjective burden in Indian population, as many of the burden assessment instruments developed in the west were not culturally suited to Indian population. This schedule has 40 items and 9 domains. The different domains are Spouse related, Physical and mental health, External support, Caregivers routine, Support of patient, Taking responsibility, Other relations, Patients, Patients behaviour and Caregivers strategy. Each of these 40 items was rated on a 3-point scale marked 1-3. The responses were not at all, to some extent and very much. Depending on the questions were framed, the responses and the score for each of those responses would vary. In this study the schedule was modified by arranging 40- items into the above 9 domains. Total score of each domain was calculated separately and at the end the total burden was calculated. This was done to get the domain score apart from the total score. In the spouse was replaced with either son, daughter, brother, sister, mother or father, depending of the patient to the caregiver. In the items 2 and 4, the word ‘sexual and marital’ was replaced by ‘family’ as and when needed. The minimum total score of burden in BAS is 40 and the maximum score in 120. In this the severity of burden was categorized into 4 groups, in the following way, 40-60 –Minimum burden 61-80 –Moderate burden 81-100 –Severe burden 101-120 –Very severs burden Method Consecutive patients attending the Psychiatry OPDs of hospitals attached to J.J.M. Medical College, diagnosed as BPAD and Alcohol dependence according to DSM IV criteria who met the inclusion criteria and did not get excluded were included in the study. Written informed consent was taken from the patients or from the caregivers depending on their ability to give consent, following an explanation about the nature and the purpose of the study in the language in which the patient could understand. Sociodemographic details were recorded on the self designed proforma. The primary family care-giver was one who met at least three of the following criteria (108). Is a spouse, parent or spouse equivalent. Has the most frequent contact with the patient. Helps to support the patients financially. Has most frequently been collateral in the patient’s treatment. Is contacted by treatment staff in case of emergency. Burden Assessment Scale (BAS) was administered to assess the burden on caregivers of BPAD group and ADS group. Severity of alcohol dependence was assessed using Short Alcohol Dependence Data (SADD) Questionnaire. GHQ Validity Discriminative validity There was a non-significant trend in GHQ Total scores and Depression subscales  scores to be higher for carers using Admiral Nurse (AN) teams vs. carers who did not  (Woods et al., 2003). On follow-up, a significant difference was found on the Anxiety  and Insomnia subscale, where outcome was better for the AN group. Another study  showed that carers of dementia patients showed higher levels of distress as measured  by GHQ than carers for patients with depression (Rosenvinge et al., 1998). Furthermore, significant differences in GHQ scores have been found between carers  of people with anorexia and psychosis (Treasure et al., 2001). GHQ scores have also  been found to differ in carers of people with a head injury according to different time  intervals post-injury. The GHQ scores were higher for carers of people with a recent  head injury, which indicates greater burden in this group (Sander et al., 1997). Predictive validity Coping style has been found to contribute significantly to GHQ score variance, with  emotion-focused coping being related to GHQ scores in a study by Sander et al.,  (1997). Furthermore, coping accounted for more of the GHQ variance than disability  scores. Socio-demographic variables Gender has been found to have a significant effect on GHQ scores, but neither race  nor relationship to the injured person had a significant effect (Sander et al., 1997). Dimension-specific variables Strong positive correlations were found between the GHQ and the Relatives Stress  Scale (Draper et al., 1992). Responsiveness The GHQ-28 has been shown to be responsive to change in a study using cognitive  behavioural therapy in carers of Parkinson’s disease patients. Both the Total score and  the scores for 3 of the sub-scales decreased in response to the intervention (Secker and  Brown 2005). Both conventional and AN services led to lower GHQ scores overall  and 2 of the 4 subscales over an 8-month period (Woods et al., 2003).

Native americans :: essays research papers

Take a look what do you see? Heaven? Birds? Planes? Have you ever thought that possibly there is another world above us? Well the native Americans did. They came up with preposterous myths like these witch are written about in the two stories, â€Å"Earth on a turtles back†and â€Å"when Grizzlies walked upright†. Your probably thinking to your self where do they come up with these absurd ideas and stories. However im sure if you lived in that time period did with no formsof entertainment and had to sit around looking at trees 24/7 , you would most likely be coming up with some bizarre stories like these two. In both stories creation begins with a woman that is curios and creation is an accident. In both of the stories animals are highly looked at,and constantly helping or causing issues. Personification is also use to describe the animals acting humanly and other things such as the wind†entering†. Although these twostories are alike in many ways they have several differences, The two stories are both how curtiosity caused creation but there are many unique things that twist the stories to make them different, staring with the whole in the â€Å"skyland† in the first story the hole is created by a uprooted tree and is already exsisting in the second. The next thing that happens is that the pregnate women falls through the hole and is saved by animals and leads to the animalshelping to create an earth on a turtles back. While in the second story the girl rolls down a hill and mates with a grizzely bear an the grizzley bear is cursed to walk on all 4’s.there was no land in the first story and there has already nature and land below the sky world in the 2nd story. The stories both end differently the seeds that the woman happen to get when she fell were planted on the turtles back and that created nature. In the second it ended with the grizzley being cursed.even thouth these examples from these storiesa are a bit out landish they were clever,an d creature enough to make it into a high school lit book.

Expository texts Real Gorgeous by Kaz Cook :: essays research papers

Features and rhetorical devices of non fiction text encourage responses from the reader, how do they do this ? We are often bullied into doing things against our will, this could also be said of expository texts which aim to inform, instruct and explain but importantly to persuade. They use shock value to force us to look at our values, attitudes and ideologies. When devices such as statistics, personal touch, persona, language and case studies are used the responses from the reader will have been deliberated by the author, Who uses these features to illicit the desired response. Looking at articles such as Real Gorgeous, The other country crisis and Columbine it is obvious to see the many features and devices that have been carefully positioned to encourage responses in the reader.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Almost all statistics do not consider the varying factors contributing to the study. When reading a text containing statistics the reader feels they are attaining the hard facts, this however could not be further from the truth as Rod Quin points out with the example of the text Manhood written by Steve Biddulph. Biddulp states â€Å"One in seven boys will experience sexual assault by an adult or older child before the age of eighteen.† Reading this the audience will feel outraged or sympathetic towards men, Quin however asks us to consider the â€Å"rest of the â€Å"facts† that â€Å"one in a hundred girls will experience sexual assault by an adult or older child before they reach eighteen† that’s five times the rate of men. While the statistics are convincing it is also the source they come from that can encourage a response from reader. They will feel the â€Å"fact† is more credible if it comes from a well known source. The Other Country Crisi s by Stephen Scourfeild states that â€Å"According to the Bureau of statistics, Australia has once of the highest rates of youth suicide† Once again the reader is not seeing all of the facts, yet the source from which the statistic come from is credible and well known. With this in mind the readers response will still be swayed because we are taught to trust authority. The author has triumphed in encouraging the desired response. It is always more pleasant and enjoyable to read something that appears to be personal or sympathetic. Real Gorgeous by Kaz Cooke is a perfect example of manipulative language. The text encourages the reader to feel comfortable with themselves that they are fine â€Å"the way they are† .

Porter’s Five Forces The Threat of New Entrants (Low) Essay

There is a great amount of economies of learning and scale in the oil industry for Example BP has been searching for oil since 1901. They invest a huge amount in up-to-date technologies making it difficult for new entrants to compete. His obviously requires huge capital investments in R&D as well as start-up cost, for example a truck just to carry the oil costs over $1,000,000. There is a lot of regulation in the industry especially with regards to inter-continental politics which further reduces new entrants although in the USA there is less which allows for small firms (under 10 staff) to enter in areas such as Alaska and Texas. There is also a history of incumbent response; BP were fined jointly with TNK $35,200,000 for price fixing. Overall these factors lead to a very low risk of threat of new entrants. Supplier’s Power (High) A lot of oil in the world which is held in countries which are politically unstable and there is a risk that they may seize oil like Iran did to BP in 1951 or more recently Venezulea seized one of Exxon’s major projects. OPEC is a cartel which controls the amount of oil sold and produced. It controls 40% of the world’s supply of oil and holds a lot of power especially as BP also purchases oil from OPEC countries. Buyer Power (Low) As the good is not perishable oil companies do not need to sell it immediately and can therefore influence the flow of oil and also its price. Customers also have few substitutes so there is always a strong demand for the product. Furthermore individual buyer power is low as there are large amounts of customers who purchase low volumes. Demand is set to rise despite a weakening economy, which is shown by rising energy prices. The saving grace for customers is the low switching costs as products are undifferentiated and customers don’t have to sign a contract when they fill up there tank. Overall the buyer power is low because even though there are low switching costs OPEC affectively controls the price of oil so will increase this for the oil suppliers.

Darkness in Poe, Hawthorne, Melville and Dickinson Essay

E. A. Poe, Hawthorne, Melville and E. Dickinson’s works contain similar elements and images which can be related to the theme of darkness. These authors used these motives as their main subject throughout their works. Some of them led very gloomy and dark life so they used those experiences to utter their feelings by putting them on the paper. These poems and works can come across as kind of morbid at first sight so they will be thoroughly explained in the further text. E. A. Poe was labelled as immoral, crazy and depressive by his contemporaries partly because of his most famous poem â€Å"The Raven†. Many of them considered Poe’s behaviour insane when actually he was just a version of Romantic period moody hero like Byron, Keats and Shelly, yet today those â€Å"insane† people are called artists. His works were marked as spooky, spine-tingling and most importantly dark. Furthermore, a solid comparison can be made between 19th century horror writer Poe and 21th century horror writer Stephen King. Although centuries have passed the motif of darkness stays present. The Raven is a poem filled with dark, lonely and melancholic symbols. One of them to begin with is Gothic setting of the poem. â€Å"Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, / Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore†. â€Å"Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December;/ And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor. † It’s almost like today’s readers can see in films. One can picture a small cabin deep in the woods on a cold December night with nothing but one candle and a man like shadow which can be seen through the window. Nevertheless, it is a perfect prelude to a horror movie or in this case to a horror poem. In addition to dark setting there is a dark protagonist, a young man suffering a great amount of pain, more precisely loss of a loved woman. Any human would start to question himself and talk to himself as he did in all of that loneliness and misery, but the only reply he got from the raven is â€Å"Nevermore†. That word is pretty devastating for the man on the edge. The Raven itself is a bad omen, dark one since it gives volume to a dark, spooky, ghostly atmosphere. His black feathers are traditionally considered to be a magic sign of something evil, rotten and ill. For the tone Poe is looking for, the raven is perfectly suitable bird. It looks just like the night it came out of. Yet again the night is another motif in poem which is entirely dark in physical and psychological sense. Night represents mysterious and slightly dangerous power of nature and it fits perfectly in the poem. Poe does not choose to write a horror of a sunny afternoon’s setting. One of the first things one can notice while reading The Scarlet Letter is enormous amount of hypocrisy. The society itself is hypocritical, nothing is white or black, people lie and everyone wears a mask, so that can be interpreted as dark motif. There are many examples of collision of light and darkness throughout the novel. Light is used to describe and emphasize good qualities of a human within or present state of emotions. And on the other hand, dark is obviously opposite of that. For example there is a scene when Pearl turns her head away from bright sunlight after stepping out in her mother’s arms from the dark, gloomy prison. This shows the contrast between light and dark and also evokes pity for the baby and her mother’s imprisonment. â€Å"She bore in her arms a child, a baby of some three months old, who winked and turned aside its little face from the too vivid light of day; because its existence, heretofore, had brought it acquainted only with the gray twilight of a dungeon, or other darksome apartment of the prison. † There is another example of light and dark in Hester’s description of Chillingsworth. She describes him as a devil-like figure with a black soul and eyes burning red like fire. Light and darkness represent change of behaviour and personality in a character and this is one of the best examples of that change. Chillingsworth becomes literally and figuratively dark and continues tormenting Dimmesdale. The forest in the novel is described as dark several times especially in comparison with the town. Everything happening outside of the town is considered to be dark which means sinful. For example, Hester who is a sinner in the eyes of society lives on the outskirts of town in the woods. Society dismissed her and marked her as an outcast. The fact she is living on a border of town and forest shows how certain people thought of her in certain situations. During the night she found refuge in the woods with Dimmesdale and during the day she was a sinner in the eyes of society in the town. The forest was seen as the place of evil by townsmen because it was unknown and mysterious. The wilderness of the forest is compared with the Hester’s moral wilderness. â€Å"She had wandered, without rule or guidance, in a moral wilderness; as vast, as intricate and shadowy, as the untamed forest. In Bartleby the Scrivener by Melville one can use doubling as a dark motif. The first example of doubles is Nippers and Turkey. They act like one person which is shown in the way they live their lives. Turkey is off in the morning because of the alcohol he drank the night before and Nippers is off in the afternoon because of his indigestion due to the lunch he had not so long before. They act like two faces of a coin. The second example and most important one is Bartleby. Melville is evoking him as a kind of phantom double. Descriptions of him represent him as either ghostly or a corpse, â€Å"cadaverous†. His indifference toward anything makes The Lawyer feel guilty and the act of understanding and helping Bartleby is just a way of satisfying his conscience. Isolation is also a dark motif in Bartleby the Scrivener. During the day Bartleby stares at the window facing the wall and during the night he sleeps in his office. In fact, this is a perfect picture of Wall Street and people who were really emotionally imprisoned because of their work. The last author to be explained is Emily Dickinson. She was beyond her time, left all alone in her world with nobody there to understand her. Her life was lonely and that, among all else, resulted in two nervous breakdowns. The poetry she wrote was full of dark and mysterious motives. One of her many poems called â€Å"I’m Nobody, who are you? † can explain the core of Dickinson. Although this poem has element of comic sense to it, it’s not quite as comical as it seems. Here Dickinson has a light tone, childish voice and she invites reader to come to her dark side. The main thesis in this poem is the loss of identity and personality. „I’m Nobody! Who are you? / Are you – Nobody – too? / Then there’s a pair of us! / Don’t tell! they’d advertise – you know! â€Å" She is explaining that there is a pair of them, nobodies and outsiders. The speaker fears to reveal their identity because they will not be anonymous free-thinking â€Å"nobodies† that they have chosen to be. It is not arguable that all of these authors were lonely and filled with pain due to certain tragedies but some of them felt it more than others. If every aspect of their lives is taken in consideration one should give a gold medal in darkness and despair to Poe and Dickinson. Nevertheless, all of them were human with real human emotions and their way of coping with pain was by writing it on a piece of paper. No matter how morbid and depressing these works are, they are works of art. It is important to remember how difficult it is to share your emotions publically and let every individual to interpret it in its own way, maybe even comparing it to its own life experiences. That is the beauty of it.

Economics of Slavery essays

Economics of Slavery essays The modern American economy traces its roots to the quest of European settlers for economic gain in the 16th The first people to occupy North America were Native Americans. These people were believed to have come from across the bridge from Asia. They were mistakenly called Indians by European explorers, who thought that they had reached India. These people lived in tribes and traded among themselves. They had little contact with other people. In 1492, Christopher Columbus, an Italian sailing under the Spanish flag, set out to find a passage to Asia and discovered a New World. From then on the English, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, and French sailed there looking for gold and riches. North America offered little to the new comers so many did not stay. Later in 1607 a band of Englishmen built the first settlement. Throughout the colonies, people lived mainly on small farms and were self-sufficient. Some necessities and all luxuries were imported in return for tobacco, rice, and indigo exports. By the 18th century patterns of development were clear. By 1770, the North American colonies were ready to become part of the emerging self-government movement. This led to the American Revolution. The Industrial Revolution began in Europe in the late 18th century and early 19th centuries, and it quickly spread to the US. The rapid economic development following the Civil War laid the groundwork for the modern US industrial economy. An explosion of new discoveries and inventions took place. From this time on the West would dominate in the global trade network. After the Portuguese had worked their way down the West African coast, rounded the Cape of Good Hope, ...

The effect of temperature on the hydrolysis of starch using amylase extracted from barley Essays

The effect of temperature on the hydrolysis of starch using amylase extracted from barley Essays The effect of temperature on the hydrolysis of starch using amylase extracted from barley Paper The effect of temperature on the hydrolysis of starch using amylase extracted from barley Paper Enzymes are a class of proteins that catalyse chemical reactions, which increases the rate of a metabolic reaction. Most enzymes are specific, working on a particular or class of reactions. In this case I am using an enzyme known as amylase (a group of enzymes which convert starch to sugar), which is an important metabolic enzyme. Amylase is found in various parts of the body including the saliva of the parotid gland and the pancreas, e. g. ptyalin, which aids in the digestion of carbohydrates by speeding up specific digestive processes taking place from the mouth to the small intestines. However, in this experiment we are using amylase which has been extracted from barley. The function of amylase is to catalyze (to modify the rate of a chemical reaction by catalysis) the hydrolysis (decomposition of a chemical compound by reaction with water) of starch into glucose. Starch is a mixture of two compounds; amylose and amylopectin, both of these molecules are polymers which contain a large, variable number of a-glucose molecules linked to each other by condensation. Amylase acts on starch, which is a polysaccharide (a class of carbohydrates; starch, consisting of a number of twenty-five monosaccharides) and breaks it down into maltose, a disaccharide. A disaccharide is defined as any class of carbohydrates; maltose, that yield two monosaccharides upon hydrolysis. The disaccharide sugars; maltose, lactose, and sucrose, have the empirical formula C12H22O11. When treated with enzymes, the disaccharides combine with one molecule of water and split into two molecules of monosaccharide hexose sugars, e. . maltose splits into two molecules of glucose when treated. In order for amylase to continue working at its best, the body needs to keep within several degrees of 37 C (an optimum temperature for most enzymes), as enzymes must work in mild conditions of a cell in the body. Chemicals which are changed by enzyme-catalysed reactions are known as the substrates of that enzyme, which fit into the active site (where the reaction takes place) of the enzyme, in a lock-and-key mechanism. The products of the reaction then leave the active site, which frees it up for more similar reactions to take place. If our body heat exceeds further past 37 C our cells become impaired or permanently damaged, this damage is irreversible to the molecular structure of the enzymes due to the velocity with which the atoms move about. This is because the structure of the an enzyme vibrates so much that some of the bonds holding the tertiary structure together break (especially hydrogen bonds as they are weak). So now the enzyme starts to lose its globular shape, because of this the substrate will no longer be able to fit into its active site. In other words when the enzymes become denatured, there is a major change from the native state to another state without the changing of the primary structure, this usually leaves the enzyme without its catalytic functions. At a temperature of approximately 100 C amylase becomes denatured. Whereas, if our body heat was to descend below 37 C the metabolism decreases without permanent damage until ice crystals form in the cells. Meaning the enzymes are inactivated, not denatured (even at extreme low temperatures, such as 0 C) and once the temperatures increase, they will regain their function. From the first graph which shows the percentage transmission from the colorimeter (a device which provides an indication of how deep a colour is, and could measure the index of concentration of the samples) at minute intervals at different temperatures; 15 C, 25 C and 35 C, there is a trend and pattern. This trend and pattern is that the lower the percentage of transmission from the colorimeter, the less light getting through, this means that there is a high concentration of starch (mg). Although, as time increases more and more of the substrate (starch) is being broken down into maltose so there is an increase of transmission from the colorimeter, meaning more light is passed through the solution. For example, at 35 C and at 0 minutes there is 1% transmission from the colorimeter, meaning that only 1% of light can pass through the solution because there is 465mg of starch (shown by the Starch Calibration Curve). As time increases to 20 minutes there is a 40% transmission from the colorimeter meaning there is 70mg of starch concentration left in the solution because it has been broken down by amylase at a high activity rate. The biological knowledge to support this trend and pattern is the kinetic theory; when a substance is heated, its molecules is being supplied with kinetic energy, so they move around faster. In this experiment, as the temperature rises from 15 C to 25 C to 35 C, there is an increase in the number of collisions between the active site of the enzyme and starch molecules and with more energy. This causes them to react more efficiently as this results in more enzyme-substrate complexes and in turn the formation of more products. At low temperatures e. g. 15 C, the molecules will not collide very frequently and the starch will not be broken down as quickly. This shown on the graphs at 15 C and at 0 minutes there is 0% transmission from the colorimeter, meaning that 0% of light can pass through the solution because there is 500mg of starch (shown by the Starch Calibration Curve). As time increases to 22 minutes there is a 15% transmission from the colorimeter meaning there is 160mg of starch concentration left in the solution. This is because it has been broken down by amylase at a slow activity rate, so there is a higher concentration of starch left compared to the 25 C (120mg) and 35 C (70mg) results. From the second graph; A graph to show the milligrams of starch at minute intervals at different temperatures, it shows that with time, the starch concentration is decreasing for each temperature that is being tested. This graph shows an exponential decay curve of the amount of starch concentration broken down for every x minutes, therefore the substrate will not totally be broken down. This reaction is not a equilibrium reaction because as the starch concentration decreases the enzyme finds it increasingly difficult to find enough substrate to act on. From my results, I can conclude that between temperatures 15 C 35 C, the efficiency of the enzyme increases with temperature. Therefore, the graph shows that 35 C is the optimum temperature because at the end of the experiment (at 20 minutes), the solution has a high percentage of transmission (40%) meaning 70mg starch left. So the amylase is breaking down the starch most effectively at 35 C due to the more light passing through from the colorimeter. These figures show that at 35 C the hydrolysis of starch using amylase is a lot more active, because the body temperature is around 35 C and enzymes such as amylase, are designed to work at this optimal temperature. So at 35 C maltose is formed a lot faster than at 25 C and 15 C. Whereas, at 15 C and 25 C the graphs show that the activity of the amylase is working at a much slower rate, therefore unable to break down as much of the starch in approximately 20 minutes. This is shown by a less percentage from the colorimeter, which does gradually increase over more time when more milligrams of starch is broken down into maltose. Evaluation of practical work: The experiment worked well overall, proving that the optimum temperature of the amylase used in this experiment was around 35 C. The results are sufficiently accurate as each set of results align almost a perfect curve, and they were taken at timed intervals far enough apart so that the readings are clear from each other. In this practical procedure the results could have been influenced by main sources of errors such as: The apparatus could have been improved as the water baths used were not all at the exact temperatures required, and each water bath possibly contained different amounts of water. If better quality water baths had been used and more time was issued to ensure that each of the three water baths had exactly the same amount of water and was at the exact temperature required, more accurate and reliable results would have been achieved. This also could have been achieved by repeating the experiment for each temperature more than twice and then calculating averages of the two sets of results. Also the use of a colorimeter could have altered the results of the colorimeter readings when it was set at 100% with a test tube of diluted iodine by a member of the group. To improve this we need to have used a photospectrometer which is a device that can stop the fluctuation of these percentage transmissions resulting in precise and accurate results. * We should have performed the experiment at intervals smaller than 10 C, so that we used a wider range of temperatures e. g. 10 C 70 C. At this temperature range I would have been able to see whether at the lowest temperature if the enzyme; amylase, could function at all effectively and that amylase would possibly denature at 70 C and definitely at a temperature above 70 C. Proving that above 70 C the amylase is denatured therefore no longer catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch, which is broken down into maltose. Conducting the experiment at 10 C intervals between these temperatures would have obtained a sufficient number of distinct results. * I think that the pipettes used were another main error. More accurate results could have been obtained by cleaning the pipette between each reading, or using a new pipette each time, although this couldnt practically happen. There was always some solution left over in the pipette from the previous solution, whether this was iodine solution, distilled water or when we were extracting the reaction medium and placing it in the diluted iodine solutions. Another problem with the pipettes is that when the reaction medium was extracted and clearfully put into a diluted iodine solution, during this time the amylase was acting on the starch while this solution was in the pipette. This made the timings recorded slightly out, although this effect may have been lessened with the temperature at 35 C as the mixture was cooling down to room temperature in the pipette. Also we could have possibly swirled the enzyme extract and starch solution together in the water bath so that the substrate and enzyme could mix and the molecules collide. A solution to this whole experiment would have been to automate (convert to a automatic operation) the whole system. This would have allowed a sample of the mixture to be automatically taken every minute or possibly more frequently, and the concentration of the starch stored onto a computer. Carrying out the experiment like this would have solved any inaccuracies in timing, which may not have always been exact when using a stop clock and someone watching the time. This way it would have also removed any human errors e. g. the test tube not being wiped properly before being placed into the colorimeter or didnt shake the reaction medium and diluted iodine solution together enough/too much etc. So if the experiment had use of better apparatus and stricter conditions, my results would have been plotted onto a graph and a more clear and accurate curve would have resulted.

A List of Interjections and Exclamations in English

A List of Interjections and Exclamations in English Hey! Lets take a look at a long list of interjections- or, as theyre sometimes called (somewhat misleadingly), exclamations. Theyre words or short phrases that stand apart from the rest of a sentence grammatically (or on their own, without a subject and verb), and are often used to exclaim, like Ow! or Ack! Key Takeaways: Interjections Interjections are short phrases often used to exclaim.They can stand on their own as sentences. Because theyre often used to exclaim, interjections carry some emotion with them and can make fictional dialogue more realistic. Theyre of course all over comic books, especially superheroes fighting evil. Interjections are the outlaws of English grammar as illustrated in this writers other interjections piece: Interjections usually stand apart from normal sentences, defiantly maintaining their syntactic independence. (Yeah!) They arent marked inflectionally for grammatical categories such as tense or number. (No sirree!) And because they show up more frequently in spoken English than in writing, most scholars have chosen to ignore them. (Aw.) List of 100+ Interjections As you read through this list, see if you can pick out the interjections that have more than one meaning or can be used in more than one way. Additional spellings or usages are listed in parentheses. Ah: Ah, I dont know if thats true.A-ha: A-ha! I figured it out!Ahem: Ahem, could you boys stop talking so we could get on with class, please?Alas: Alas, it was not to be.Amen: Amen, hallejulah, amen!Aw: Aw, do we have to?Awesome: You two are dating? Awesome!Aww: Aww, thats so cute!Bada bing (bada-bing, bada-bing, bada-boom): Youve gotta get up close like this and- bada-BING!- you blow their brains all over your nice Ivy League suit. (The Godfather, 1972)Bah: Bah, humbug!Baloney: Oh baloney. I dont believe that.Big deal: Big deal. Who cares?Bingo: Bingo! Right on target!Boo: Boo! Scared you!Boo-hoo: That makes me sad. Boo-hoo.Booyah (boo-yah): Yeah, I aced this test. Booyah!Boy (boy oh boy): Oh boy. Oh boy oh boy. Thats heavy, man.Bravo: Bravo! That was fantastic!Brilliant: Brilliant, luv, absolutely brilliant! (U.K.)Brrr: Brr! Minus 30 degrees? Yuk.Bull: Bull. Its not 30 below zero, not really.Bye (bye-bye): Bye! See you later!Cheers: Cheers, mate. Youre welcome. (U.K.); Raise a toas t! Cheers! (U.S.) Come on (cmon): Come on. Hurry up.Cool: Oh wow, that is so cool!Cowabunga: Cowabunga, dude. (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)Dang: Dang it! Whered I put that?Darn (darn it): Darn it! I cant find the other one either!Dear me: Oh dear me. What are we going to do?Duck: Duck! No, really! Get down!Duh: Well, duh. I cant believe you didnt know that.Eh: Eh? What?Enjoy: Enjoy! I hope you like it!Excellent: Party time, excellent! (Waynes World)Fabulous: Fabulous! Thats just wonderful!Fantastic: Fantastic! I just love it!Fddledeedee  (fiddle-dee-dee): Fiddle-dee-dee! War, war, war; this war talks spoiling all the fun at every party this spring. I get so bored I could scream. (Gone With the Wind)Finally: Finally! I never thought thatd be done.For heavens sake(s): Oh for heavens sake, dont you know your Bible? (Little House on the Prairie)Fore: Fore! (Look out! in golf)Foul: Foul! The baseball went out of bounds.Freeze: Freeze! Stop right there!Gee (gee whiz, gee willikers): Well gee whiz, pa, wh y do I have to do that? Giddyap (giddyup): Giddyup Silver! Go, horse, go!Golly (good golly, golly gee  willikers): Golly, that sure was tasty.Goodbye (good-bye): Goodbye, see you again soon!Good grief: Good grief, Charlie Brown. (Peanuts)Good heavens: Good heavens! How did that happen?Gosh: â€Å"Whatever I feel like I wanna do, gosh!† (Napoleon Dynamite)Great: Great! Im so excited youll come along!Great balls of fire: Goodness gracious, great balls of fire! (Great Balls of Fire, Jerry Lee Lewis)Ha: Ha-ha! Thats funny!Hallelujah: Glory be to God, hallelujah!Heavens (heavens above, heavens to Betsy): Oh heavens! How could you think that?Heigh-ho: Heigh-ho neighbor! How are you?Hello: Hello! How are things with you?Help: Help! I need somebody (Help! The Beatles)Hey (hey there): Hey! Look over there!Hi (hiya): Hi! Whats up?Hip, hip, hooray: We won! On the count of three, everyone: Hip, hip hooray! Hip, hip, hooray!Hmm (hrm): Hmm. Let me think about that for a bit.Ho-ho-ho: Ho-ho-ho, Merry Christmas!Ho ly mackerel (holy cow, holy moly, holy Moses, holy smokes): Holy mackerel! I cant believe it! Ho-hum: Ho-hum, how boring.Hooray (hurrah, hurray): Hooray! Thats awesome!Howdy (howdy do): Howdy, pardner.Huh: Huh. I have no idea.Ick: Ick! How gross!Indeed: Indeed! Ill bet you didnt know that!Jeez: Jeez, do we really have to go through this now?Kaboom: Kaboom! It blew up!Kapow: And Batman hit the evildoer, kapow!Lordy (lordy, lordy): Oh lordy, lordy, look whos 40!Mama mia: Mama mia, let me go. (Bohemian Rhapsody, Queen)Man: Man, thats unbelievable.Marvelous: Marvelous! Oh, honey, thats just wonderful.My: My! I never once thought of it, Huck! (The Adventures of Tom Sawyer)My goodness (my heavens, my stars, my word): My goodness, isnt that just grand?Nah: Nah, itll never work.No problem: Thank you. No problem.No way (no way Josà ©): No way! I cant believe it.Nope: Nope. I cant do that.Nuts: Nuts! I wish I didnt have to.Oh (oh boy, oh dear, oh my, oh my gosh, oh my goodness, oh no, oh well): Oh! Thats shocking!OK (okay): OK, sounds great. Thank you.Ouch: Ouch! That hurt! Ow: Ow! That stung!Please: Would you help me, please?Poof: Poof! She just disappeared.Shh: Shh! Quiet in the library!Super: Super! Thats fantastic!Swell: Swell! How great!Welcome: Welcome! Come in!; (Youre) Welcome!Well: Well, I just dont know about that.Whoop-de-doo: Well whoop-de-doo. (sarcasm) I so dont care.Woo-hoo: Woo-hoo! Thats fantastic!Wow: Wow! I love it!Yabba dabba doo: Yabba dabba doo! (The Flinstones)Yadda, yadda, yadda: Well, we were engaged to be married, uh, we bought the wedding invitations, and, uh, yada yada yada, Im still single. (Seinfeld)Yippee: Yippie! Thats exciting!Yummy: Yummy! I love chocolate cake! Single or Double-Duty Parts of Speech Interjections have traditionally been treated as one of the eight parts of speech  (or word classes). But its worth keeping in mind that many interjections  can do double or triple duty as other parts of speech. For instance, when a  word such as boy or awesome appears by itself (often followed by an exclamation point in writing), it functions as an interjection: Boy! You have an answer for everything.The crew chief handed me my first paycheck. Awesome! I said. But when that same word shows up syntactically integrated into a sentence, it usually operates as a different part of speech. In the following examples, boy is a noun, and awesome is an adjective: The boy ate a Snickers bar.Seeing the northern lights for the first time was an awesome experience. Words that are used only  as interjections are called primary interjections, while words that also belong to other word classes are called secondary interjections.   Oh! Heres something else to look out for. The meanings of interjections sometimes change depending on the context  in which theyre used. The word oh, for example, may indicate surprise, disappointment, or delight: Oh! I didnt see you sitting there.Oh. I was hoping you could stay for a while.Oh! Im so glad you came!

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